ProductsTier 3: Sector Specialty (Medium Risk)

BDC (Business Development Company)

A publicly traded company that provides financing to small and mid-sized businesses, required to distribute 90% of income to shareholders as dividends.

Reviewed by DivAgent Research Team
Updated Jan 2026
Sources
SEC.govInvestment Company Act of 1940Company Filings

BDC (Business Development Company) — At a Glance

Definition

Publicly traded lenders to private companies - high yields (8-12%) from loans that banks won't make, with credit risk.

Risk Level
Medium(Tier 3)
Commonly Seen In
MAIN, ARCC, HTGC, GBDC, BXSL
Warning Sign
NAV declining persistently or loan defaults spiking during economic stress
Key Metric
Net Asset Value (NAV) premium/discount and non-accrual rate (bad loans)
Pro Tip

Best BDCs trade at NAV premiums because the market trusts their underwriting - pay up for quality (MAIN, ARCC).

Business Development Companies (BDCs) are publicly traded investment vehicles that provide debt and equity capital to private middle-market companies. Similar to REITs, BDCs must distribute at least 90% of taxable income, creating high yields for investors.

What BDCs Do

BDCs fill a critical financing gap. Banks often won't lend to companies too small for public markets but too large for traditional small business loans. BDCs step in, providing:

  • Senior secured loans
  • Mezzanine debt (subordinated loans)
  • Equity co-investments
  • Unitranche financing (combined senior/subordinated)

Structure and Tax Treatment

As Regulated Investment Companies (RICs), BDCs:

  • Pay no corporate tax if they distribute 90%+ of income
  • Must invest 70%+ in qualifying assets
  • Have leverage limits (typically 2:1 debt-to-equity)
  • Must diversify across multiple portfolio companies

Why Investors Like BDCs

  • High Yields: 8-12% yields are common
  • Floating Rate Exposure: Most loans are variable rate, benefiting in rising rate environments
  • Access to Private Credit: Retail investors can access institutional-quality private debt
  • Monthly/Quarterly Income: Regular distribution schedules

Top BDCs by Assets

  • MAIN (Main Street Capital): Known for lower middle market focus and monthly dividends
  • ARCC (Ares Capital): Largest BDC, broadly diversified
  • HTGC (Hercules Capital): Technology and life sciences specialty
  • GBDC (Golub Capital): Senior secured lending focus

Risks to Consider

  • Credit Risk: Loans to private companies can default, especially in recessions
  • Interest Rate Sensitivity: Rising rates help income but may stress borrowers
  • NAV Discount/Premium: BDCs trade at prices that can significantly deviate from NAV
  • Manager Quality: Performance heavily depends on underwriting skill
  • Illiquidity of Underlying Assets: Can't quickly liquidate private loans in stress

DivAgent Educational Standards

This definition is part of the DivAgent Income Academy curriculum. Our glossary is designed to bridge the gap between institutional jargon and retail investor understanding. Each term is reviewed by our Research Team for accuracy, specifically in the context of:

  • Tax implications (Ordinary vs. Qualified)
  • Impact on Total Return calculations
  • Relevance to Option-Income strategies
  • Risk assessment in a retirement portfolio

*While we strive for precision, financial terminology can evolve. Always verify definitions with official regulatory sources (SEC, IRS) when making tax or legal decisions.

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